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Top line, turned front leg, turned rear legs and weak/upright rear legs were each divided into two traits prior to analyses because of intermediate optimum of the original trait scoring (Table S2).
Trait adjectives were scored as correctly recalled if they were identical to the original trait adjective or a synonym, defined a priori as described above in the Materials Development and Pretesting section.
This difference comes from the fact that residuals from step (a) are regressed on null loci to obtain the estimate of ζ instead of original trait data as in conventional GC.
We used trait ontology to classify and group original trait names according to their relatedness.
Standardization involves linearly transforming original trait values using the overall trait mean and overall standard deviation.
Implementation-wise its original trait is searching for matches via a compressed suffix tree [ 54] (in blocks).
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More recently, the progress on high-throughput root phenotyping and 3D image reconstruction has led to a renewed interest in QTL detection in mapping populations, focusing on original traits (e.g., the root network bushiness or its convex hull volume), in addition to more classical traits, such as specific root length or specific root area (Topp et al. [2013]).
A clustering analysis for genes based on their functional annotation demonstrated that they could be classified into different categories, which related to the original traits.
The residuals of the model can then be used instead of the original traits Yij in the expression of the test statistic.
Principal components are independent, linear functions of the original traits.
Previously, it took several weeks to accomplish the original analysis of only few hundreds "original" traits.
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