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Heidelberg University, which in June formally retracted the doctorate of Silvana Koch-Mehrin, a member of the European Parliament, announced in August that it would begin demanding that doctoral students sign a legally binding affidavit, attesting original authorship.
The same publisher has reissued an updated edition of Stolen Words ($14), Mallon's history of plagiarism, in which he notes that the word derives from the Latin for "kidnapper" and that the concept of original authorship didn't take hold until the 18th century.
In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship.
Much of the current literature on plagiarism focuses on students, attempting to understand how students view the concept of plagiarism, the best ways to prevent it, and the impact of collaboration on the concept of original authorship.
With something to gain, faculty writers operating from a position of prestige in terms of rank might have less regard for original authorship, the other situational factor in Fishman's (2009) definition.
At the same time, social factors and power dynamics complete the construct of plagiarism, as her definition continues: 4. In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship 5.
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"My initial career conformed to my original notion of authorship," she says.
The law itself (Section 102(b)) is pretty explicit: "In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work".
In a major revision of copyright law in 1976, the U.S. Congress specified that copyright subsists in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, and it provided that such works include literary, musical, and dramatic works; pantomimes and choreographic works; pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; motion pictures and other audiovisual works; and sound recordings.
A person's DNA, according to a spokesman, "is not an original work of authorship".
The domain of copyright protection is original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression (17 U.S.C. §102 (1988)).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com