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These constraints originate from chromosome replication (leading/lagging strand asymmetry; gene dosage gradient from origin to terminus; collisions with the transcription complexes), from biased codon usage, from noise control in gene expression, and from genome layout for co-functional genes.
Another character has dedicated his retirement to travelling every possible London bus route from origin to terminus, hoping that the No 1 bus will somehow turn out to be special.
In fact, k equals to (G − C + T − A /(G + C + T + A), where A, C, G and T denote the total number of the corresponding base appearing in the half of chromosome (from replication origin to terminus).
This model predicts that expression should be greatest on chromosome 1 (the largest) and least on chromosome 3 (the smallest) and that expression should tend to decline within chromosomes from replication origin to terminus.
The strength of gradients in expression and substitution rates from origin to terminus should be generally correlated with the average growth rate of the organism, because fast-growing species require overlapping replication cycles to allow replication to keep up with growth (Helmstetter 1996).
Highly significant and pronounced increases in d N and d N/d S were observed from origin to terminus on chromosome 3. Similar, corresponding increases in evolutionary rates (d N, d S, and d N/d S) occur across the chromosomes (supplementary figs. S3, S5, and S6, Supplementary Material online).
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Slight violations of this assumption arise from subtle strand variation and origin-to-terminus gradients [ 37].
Fast-growing bacteria with multiple simultaneously ongoing rounds of replication (and hence high origin-to-terminus ratios) display increased densities of highly expressed genes (genes with high codon adaptation index) near origins.
In the second phase, one logical qubit in each logical Bell pair is transported from the origin to the terminus, undergoing continuous error correction.
There was evidence that chromosomal inversions in H. pylori are symmetric around the replication axis from replication origin to replication terminus [14], [44], as shown in Figure S2.
While replisome assembly at origins is tightly regulated so that DNA synthesis initiates once per cell cycle [8] [10], its progression is generally thought to be unregulated, copying undamaged DNA from the origin to the terminus in an uncontrolled way (see however below).
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