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Based on available time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) provided by the different techniques, we examine individual TRF long-term stabilities and their combination over the frame parameters (origin, scale and orientation) as well as the attached EOP's.
Cells marked by arrows are presumably of fungal origin (scale bar 20 μm).
Reliability estimations a bit lower were found with regard to the origin scale (r from.73 to.90), especially with regard to the split-half estimation.
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GPA translates landmarks to the same origin, scales landmarks to the same centroid size and rotates landmarks around the centroid to minimize Euclidian distances among specimens to obtain size-standardized average shapes of each species.
Wing specimens were translated to the origin, scaled to a unit centroid size and rotated around their shared centroid to minimize the sum-of-squared deviations of the coordinates from all specimens to achieve an optimal fit to the consensus (average) configuration.
The landmarks and semi-landmarks were subjected to a Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA), where all specimens are translated to the origin, scaled to unit centroid size, and rotated to minimize the total sums-of-squares deviations of the landmark coordinates from all specimens to the average configuration [ 62].
To regain access to fluctuations, we study in this paper a minimal mesoscopic model whose goal is to elucidate the origin of scale free behavior in plasticity.
Here we combine ground surveys and interviews with remote sensing analysis of the transformed environment in order to characterize and quantify the nature, origin and scale of the environmental and social impacts caused by the intrusion of aquaculture.
NA12 is aligned in origin and scale with IGS08, a GPS-based realization of global secular frame ITRF2008, so that vertical motion is with respect to the Earth-system center of mass to ±0.5 mm/yr.
Since it is often not possible to directly observe the origin and scale of externalities in a complex economic system, we infer their existence and variety from the conditions that must hold true for them to be available in the system.
For the countries of origin, the scale of this challenge is perhaps again clearest in Syria, where conflict has driven close to 12 million out of their homes and four million out of the country.
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