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Table 1 Published studies assessing the natural durability of Sequoia sempervirens timber Test type (number and name of species in brackets, if known) Classification Origin of timber (type of wood in brackets) Reference Field test Non-durable unknown Hedley and Foster [1972] Laboratory test (ASTM [2005]) (5 brown-rot fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum, Coniophora olivacea (Fr).
Since many dipterocarp species are endemic, the identification of these species restricts the potential places of origin of timber to their small natural distribution area.
Two main fields of application are discussed in more detail: The use of molecular genetic tools (a) to test the proclaimed origin of forest reproductive material and (b) to infer the origin of timber and wood products.
Forest certification schemes, state agencies such as customs offices, forest enterprises producing timber according to the principles of sustainability, and environmentally conscious consumers profit from reliable methods improving the traceability of timber and offering opportunities to identify false declarations of the origin of timber.
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The origin of the timber is classified into the following categories: (i) timber extracted from state lands, (ii) timber extracted from private lands, (iii) timber received as confiscated material from forest offences, and (iv) timber from other sources (e.g. development areas).
It's a way the loggers have found to hide the origin of their timber so they can claim it comes from one of the few areas where logging is permitted.
14C dating of large fragments of wood (Abies Alba Mill)., from the pier settings, provides the first direct age determination (1213 1280 and 1238 1301 cal. AD) of the constructional phases for the stone bridge at ~ 1250 ± 30 AD and reveals an allochtonous origin of the timber (fir tree) used to support it.
Two important fields of "forensic" applications are described: Molecular tools are applied to test the declared origin of forest reproductive material used for plantation establishment and of internationally traded timber and wood products.
It is already now possible to reliably detect false declarations concerning the origin of illegally harvested timber using molecular genetic tools, albeit only for a small fraction of relevant species and problems.
The existing timber tracking systems use paper-based documentation for the identification of timber origin throughout the chain of custody.
Still unknown, however, was the routing of timber from each origin (patch) to each destination (mill).
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