The structure of our experiment, which explicitly matches drug- and placebo-treated individuals on genetic background, sex, and parent of origin, motivates a potential outcomes model of causal treatment effects (Rubin 2005), which in turn allows us to connect our work formally with other literature on heterogeneous treatment effects in clinical trials and population-based studies.
This could hurt Mr Tsarnaev's case, but help with the appeals process.William Weinreb, a federal prosecutor, argued that Mr Tsarnaev, a Muslim of Chechen origin, was motivated by Islamic extremism.
The sudden interest in an industry that normally gets little mainstream scrutiny is peculiar, and its origin seems motivated by more than just safety concerns.
James Hadfield's failed attempt to shoot the King in the Drury Lane Theatre on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the apocalyptic delusions of Hadfield and Bannister Truelock.
What are its origins and what motivated you to pursue such a mammoth project?
Darwin's Origin of Species was motivated by his struggle to understand biological variation.
When the authorities recently arrested a suspect in the attacks who they said was mentally disturbed and of Armenian origin — not a fanatical Turk motivated by hatred, as many assumed — it only raised more suspicions among some residents of Samatya, who said they thought the police had merely found a convenient scapegoat.
The choice of these lines was also motivated by their origin from different lineages (tumor cell lines from mesenchymal, epithelial and glial tumors) and abundance of literature.
Nor did it disclose how the authorities traced the motive or origin of the attacks, but it blamed "ideologically motivated, pro-Iraq" hackers who have expressed opposition to United States activities in the Middle East and support for Islamic extremists.
"It's interesting to wonder if the deeper origins of toilet behaviour in humans might have been at least partially motivated by some of the same motivations experienced by non-human primates today," says Irwin.
