The following information was recorded: authors, the number of citations, year of publication, country of origin, institution, journal, funding source, and article type or subfield (for example, randomized controlled trials, observational research).
As the factors that determine the accountability and responsiveness of multilateral donor agencies depend on their originating coalitional politics, we suggest an approach that combines the literature addressing the non-institutional political origins of institutions, proto-institutions, and path dependency theory.
In relation to the efforts made by the host country to facilitate collaboration with international, national and country of origin scientific institutions, the figures obtained for the total averages (5.86, 4.96 and 4.62; Table 1b) were above the average value (3.5).
Our combined analytical perspective, therefore, provides for two elements: First, by focusing on the origins of institutions and analysing processes that lead to the establishment of a proto-institution, we provide a more-nuanced description of the types of multilateral donor agencies present in global health.
Two areas of research, which examine the origins of institutions and their capacity to better explain and predict subsequent institutional and policy behavior, provide the analytical foundation for our study.
As Figure 1 illustrates, the underlying goal of an analysis that combines institutional origins and proto-institutions approaches is to understand the formation of different types of institutions.
Again, part of the relentless hostility that is directed against the BBC comes from its origin as an institution that was meant to function in a sphere of autonomy that is outside the market.
Finally, because of limited information available, we were not able to explore characteristics of investigators willing to disclose study details such as country of origin or host institution.
Combining the institutional origins and proto-institutions theoretical frameworks with path dependency, provides still deeper insights.
We build on the literature on institutional origins and proto-institutions [ 18, 19] to describe and differentiate between different types of multilateral donors in global health, such as the World Bank, ADB, the Global Fund, and GAVI, by analysing in these institutions originating elite interests, coalitions, and reform strategies.
What is the divine origin of human institutions and of the ecumene?
