Oriented reflex activities of entire organisms include tropisms, taxes, and orientations at an angle.
The vestibulo-oculomotor diagnostic approach originates from the long-standing clinical experience that, in the absence of visual orientation, cues the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) represents a reliable probe into the peripheral and early central processing stages of vestibular input, as testified by anatomical and neurophysiological findings of powerful oligosynaptic vestibulo-ocular pathways.
During the 2-week period immediately following the transfer of monkeys from their usual residence, in groups, into the individual metabolic cages, they exhibited considerable orientation and aggressive-defensive unconditioned reflexes in response to new living conditions, as well as to the procedure of bleeding.
The eyes were then rotationally aligned using the position of insertion of the extraocular muscles, and manually aligned with the red reflex to maintain axial orientation prior to measurement.
Summary scores are calculated to enable statistical analysis, and they include orientation, habituation, hypertonicity, hypotonicity, excitability, arousal, lethargy, nonoptimal reflexes, asymmetric reflexes, stress, self-regulation quality of movement and handling [ 140].
While the number of mount (MF) reflects sexual motivation, increase in the number of intromission (IF) shows the efficiency of erection, penile orientation and the ease by which ejaculatory reflexes are activated [ 9, 14].
Perhaps by inhibiting this reflex with altered head and limb orientations, it is reopening latent inhibitory synaptic pathways in the frontal lobe.
Gaze control is provided by two systems: gaze orientation by ocular saccades and gaze stabilization by reflexes and voluntary movements of vestibular and visual origins (Waespe and Henn 1987).
Multi-sensory visuo-vestibular cortical areas within the parietal lobe are important for spatial orientation and possibly for descending modulation of the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR).
