In fact, because the wood is hygroscopic and it shows a strong directional anisotropy, it reduces and dilates in different way depending on the orientation of the cut: minimum variation in axial direction (parallel to the trunk axis), medium variation in radial direction (orthogonal to the trunk axis) and maximum variation in tangential direction (orthogonal to both the previous ones).
In the case of the preferred orientation of microcracks, a temporal variation in shear wave splitting induced by a stress change in the crust is often accompanied by earthquakes (e.g., Liu et al. 1997; Saiga et al. 2003) or volcanic activities (e.g., Miller and Savage 2001; Savage et al. 2010; Roman et al. 2011; Honda et al. 2014).
To obtain a quantitative measure of the orientation of the fibrils, the variation in intensity of one of these collagen peaks is plotted as a function of azimuthal angle.
For uniformly random orientations, the film thickness coefficient of variation is proportional to the number of coating trials raised to the −1/2 power, and thus the coefficient of variation asymptotes to zero as the number of coating trials increases.
Although the intra-particle coefficient of variation for orientations exhibiting this effect still asymptote to zero over time, the rate at which this occurs is smaller than that for uniformly random orientations.
The greater the degree of a tablet's preferred orientation, the larger the asymptotic coefficient of variation.
A prototype of label-free SERS sensor, based on the formation of T-Hg2+-T pairs and the corresponding orientation variation of DNA on Au shell surface, was developed for detection of Hg2+ in aqueous solution quantitatively and selectively.
The position, physical properties and orientation of stiffeners create considerable variations in the modal properties as compared with the bare plates of similar construction.
Consequently, the stitched map contains artifact misorientations at map joins resulting from a cumulative systematic orientation variation of ~1.4° over the area of individual maps.
The spatial variation in the vapor flux at the BVEA due to terrain orientation yield variation in space of the available water at the bottom of the snowpack.
