For example, atrophy in the hippocampal formation is an early feature in the progression of Alzheimer disease, with patients demonstrating impairments in spatial orientation and navigation.
Baleen whales (mysticetes) use calls like these for communication and possibly for low-frequency long-range echolocation in orientation and navigation.
It is obvious that the means of orientation and navigation must be unusually precise, but what they are remains as yet unknown.
In this study trainees' orientation and navigation performance during simulated space station emergency egress tasks was compared while using immersive head-mounted display (HMD) and DT-VR systems.
We present the case of F.G., a healthy, normally developed 22-year-old male subject affected by a pervasive disorder in environmental orientation and navigation who presents no history of neurological or psychiatric disease.
Our observations clearly imply that crocodilians are skilful at interpreting a suite of complex cues for orientation and navigation, and this aspect of their behaviour demands additional investigation.
Although both species use echolocation for orientation and navigation, P. discolor uses additional cues, mainly olfaction, for detection, classification and, in part, localization of food.
Research on orientation and navigation in bats has lagged considerably behind other animal groups [46] but within the last 2 years a laboratory based system to test hypotheses of compass use [9] and a field based system with the possibility to test hypotheses of orientation and navigation to a known goal [8] have been developed.
During the last decades growing evidence has shown that magnetoreception is a relevant mechanism for the orientation and navigation [1] [7] as well as in other behavioral or physiological categories of many different animal phyla [8] [10].
Mesopic vision at dusk and dawn and on brightly moonlit nights is particularly relevant for bats, since many bat species use visual cues for orientation and navigation between their daytime roosts and their feeding grounds [8], [19].
The role of the earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation has been confirmed in several animal taxa, including birds [1], [2], insects [3], lobsters [4], salamanders [5], turtles [6], fish [7] and mammals, including most recently bats [8], [9].
