Some of them reported experiences related to teaching computing topics, such as object-orientation, graphs, and the UML, to visually impaired learners [21, 25, 30 33].
Recall that giving an arbitrary orientation to each edge of G would yield an oriented graph G⃗.
The graph obtained from a simple undirected graph by assigning an orientation to each of its edges is referred as the oriented graph.
Let G σ be an oriented graph of a simple undirected graph G with an orientation σ, which assigns to each edge of G a direction so that the resultant graph G σ becomes a directed graph.
Let G σ be an oriented graph of a simple undirected graph G with the orientation σ, which assigns to each edge of G a direction so that the resultant graph G σ becomes an oriented graph or a directed graph.
The graph obtained from a simple undirected graph by assigning an orientation to each of its edges is referred to as the oriented graph.
Certainly, each subgraph of an oriented graph is also referred as an oriented graph and preserves the orientation of each edge.
Certainly, each subgraph of an oriented graph is referred to as an oriented graph and preserves the orientation of each edge.
Let G be a simple undirected graph with an orientation σ, which assigns to each edge a direction so that G σ becomes an oriented graph.
Given a complete edge-weighted graph G, we present a polynomial time algorithm to compute a degree-four-bounded spanning Eulerian subgraph of 2G that has at most 1.5 times the weight of an optimal TSP solution of G. Based on this algorithm and a novel use of orientations in graphs, we obtain a (3β/4+3β2/4 -approximation algorithm for TSP with β-relaxed triangle inequality (β-TSP), where β≥1.
Moreover, by using graph orientation properties we introduce stronger cut-based formulations.
