Exact(4)
Thus, we applied advanced radio telemetry methods to efficiently track the movements of departing birds after the displacement to the Faroe Islands and combined this with the more traditional orientation cage studies.
For detection and cloning of garden warbler (gw) Cry1 transcripts, total RNA was extracted from the retina of a garden warbler performing magnetic orientation behaviour in an orientation cage [28] in the laboratory during the migratory season as described in [23].
We found that garden warblers under dim light either sit in this orientation cage for extended periods of time or perform migratory restlessness behavior more consistently and stereotypically than they do in the Emlen funnels [35] normally used for orientation experiments.
We performed orientation cage experiments involving a series of four tests for each individual bird performed either at local sunrise (dunnock) or sunset (European robin and sedge warbler) (for method, see Åkesson, 1994) to study their compass orientation and after-effects on the birds preferred orientation after a cue-conflict exposure.
Similar(56)
It should be noted that few if any well-orientated data from night-migratory passerines tested in orientation cages under bright sunlight conditions exist.
The orientation was studied in orientation cages as well as in the free-flying birds after release by tracking departures using small radio transmitters.
For example, recent data suggesting that the ophthalmic nerve is not necessary for magnetic compass orientation in orientation cages during migration, did not study the magnetic map sense, and explicitly stated that the presented data do not exclude a role of the ROM dendritic system in magnetic sensing [56].
However, van der Linde and Tonino [ 17] and Symeonides et al. [ 22] concluded that breakage of the screws without continuing migration or change in orientation of the cage should not be defined as failure.
Only 43 (8.9%) of the tests were classified as non-active and in 8 (1.7%) of the tests the birds were disoriented showing no meaningful orientation in the cages.
As discussed below, we attribute this effect to magnetic orientation of the C70 cages at low temperature.
For the dunnock and the European robin, the preferred orientation recorded in the cages was directed between the expected migratory direction and the direction towards the sun during experiments (Table 2).
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