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Sex steroids have an important organizing effect on the brain during the foetal period with subsequent long-term effects on behaviour [6].
In the uterus, before a baby is born, testosterone seems to have what the researchers call an "organizing effect" on the face — it helps controls how the face and other parts of the body (including the sex organs and yes, the fingers) develop.
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Recently, Bimonte et al. [ 33] established that neonatal exposure to estrogen is essential to feminine-specific brain organization to the extent that the brain can respond appropriately to the organizing effects of subsequent estrogen exposure.
Unusual social interest of non-breeding adult Nazca boobies in conspecific and heterospecific nestlings [21], [22] provides an opportunity to examine organizing effects of androgens on behavior.
We determined here (1) brain sites where AA is sexually differentiated and (2) whether this sex difference results from organizing effects of estrogens during ontogeny or activating effects of testosterone in adulthood.
The preoptic area (POA), a brain region necessary for the expression of many reproductive behaviors including male copulation and maternal behavior, is highly sensitive to the organizing effects of estradiol.
The presumably organizing effects of manipulations of estrogens' exposure in the embryo on AA in POM and mBST are anatomically specific since they are not observed in the hypothalamus itself (VMN and Tuber) nor in other brain regions expressing lower levels of AA.
In contrast, sexual differentiation of the brain occurs in the second half of pregnancy by organizing effects of sexual hormones.
"Unlike past years, this year's event will feel less like doing something wrong while your parents look the other way, and more like a celebration of how grassroots organizing can effect change," 420 Rally organizers said in a statement ahead of the event.
One government campaign tried to combat a falling birthrate by organizing, in effect, an official matchmaking agency aimed particularly at affluent ethnic Chinese.
Birmingham's black population began to organize to effect change.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com