Recently, Bimonte et al. [ 33] established that neonatal exposure to estrogen is essential to feminine-specific brain organization to the extent that the brain can respond appropriately to the organizing effects of subsequent estrogen exposure.
Unusual social interest of non-breeding adult Nazca boobies in conspecific and heterospecific nestlings [21], [22] provides an opportunity to examine organizing effects of androgens on behavior.
We determined here (1) brain sites where AA is sexually differentiated and (2) whether this sex difference results from organizing effects of estrogens during ontogeny or activating effects of testosterone in adulthood.
The preoptic area (POA), a brain region necessary for the expression of many reproductive behaviors including male copulation and maternal behavior, is highly sensitive to the organizing effects of estradiol.
The presumably organizing effects of manipulations of estrogens' exposure in the embryo on AA in POM and mBST are anatomically specific since they are not observed in the hypothalamus itself (VMN and Tuber) nor in other brain regions expressing lower levels of AA.
In contrast, sexual differentiation of the brain occurs in the second half of pregnancy by organizing effects of sexual hormones.
Sex steroids have an important organizing effect on the brain during the foetal period with subsequent long-term effects on behaviour [6].
Note, however, two qualifications: first, as chunks are hierarchically organized, these effects may be hard to perceive in experimental settings.
Such spatially organized socioeconomic effects can have important influence on the rates of disease observed in small areas (Dolk et al. 1995).
While effects cameraman Scott Farrar and his assistants constantly traversed the 400 mile separating ILM from Paramount, teams at the effects house organized post-production effects and photography.
I mean, really, should we hand the cash over in a brown paper bag just to complete the desired organized crime effect?
