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Here, the toxicity of TBT to adult organisms was determined using a suite of biomarkers designed to detect cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects.
Percent cover of benthic organisms was determined using 0.5 m2 photoquadrats (n = 6 per transect).
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The environmental bioavailability of zinc (II), i.e., the uptake of the element by an organism, was determined using two microalgae species, Scenedesmus acutus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and estimated using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HF-SLM) device as the chemical surrogate.
Typically, the CUB for a given organism is determined using the Codon Usage Tabulated from GenBank (CUTG) [ 13].
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts on each organism were determined using microplate dilution method [ 20], with slight modifications.
Specifically the bioassay-guided fractionation technique was employed to isolate the compounds, using Cryptococcus neoformans as the test organism against which activity was determined using bioautography and a broth microdilution assay.
MIC which is the least concentration of antimicrobial agent that will inhibit visible growth of an organism after an overnight incubation was determined using microtitre dilution broth method in 96-well microplates [ 17].
The number of M. hyopneumoniae organisms in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was determined using quantitative PCR at 4 and 8 weeks PI.
Gastritis was classified histologically using the Sydney System (Dixon et al, 1996), and H. pylori status was determined using the CLO (Campylobacter-like organism) test.
The transportome was determined using the TransportTP server [ 108] (reference organism: Escherichia coli; E-value threshold: 0.1).
Growth of C. albicans was determined using a fluorescence-based alamar blue microplate assay previously described for following cell viability with this organism [29].
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