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The circles on the left represent the organisms that contributed genes to the bioengineered yeast: (from top) California poppy, rat, goldthread, bacteria and opium poppy.
These facts, together with the rapid development of molecular and genetic techniques for filamentous fungi, have made species like Neurospora, Ascobolus, and Aspergillus model organisms that contributed significantly to an understanding of basic biological phenomena.
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It aids in the understanding of marine geology through the study of those organisms that contribute their skeletal remains to the floors of the oceans or that elaborate the vast coral reefs of the tropic seas.
Agrobiodiversity refers to the variety and variability of living organisms that contribute to food and agriculture in the broadest sense, and that are associated with cultivating crops and rearing animals within ecological complexes.
Today pasteurization is seldom used for wines that benefit from aging, since it kills the organisms that contribute to the aging process, but it is applied to many foods and beverages, particularly milk.
Technologies such as whole-genome sequencing and systems biology are now revolutionizing winemaking by combining the ability to engineer phenotypes rationally, with a precise understanding of the genetic makeup and key phenotypic drivers of the key organisms that contribute to this age-old industry.
Seagrass plants are colonized by a multitude of epiphytic organisms that contribute to broadening the ecological role of seagrasses.
A similar trend is observed for pathogenic bacteria, which are prominent among the organisms that contribute disproportionately to gene sets affected by nonfragmentary transfer.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are beneficial probiotic organisms that contribute to improved nutrition, microbial balance, and immuno-enhancement of the intestinal tract, as well as anti-tumor activity.
The frequency of expansion events in E. coli is relatively low compared to eukaryotic cells and we wonder whether this may be because of the presence of more active exonucleases in this organism that contribute to a nonrepetitive and streamlined genome.
The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the model organisms that have contributed the most to our understanding of synapses, for which many synapse genes are already identified through experimental studies [ 3, 27, 28] and has one of the best annotated genomes [ 29].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com