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The basis of cladistics are lots and lots of characteristics of organisms – in the case of the fossil vertebrates these tend to be anatomical features of the bones and teeth, but for living species can include soft tissues, genetics, behaviour and other lines of evidence.
This body of theory is based on the premise that hierarchical branching networks efficiently distribute energy and materials through landscapes (in the case of river networks) and organisms (in the case of vascular networks) across orders of magnitude in scale.
These relatively undisturbed habitat patches can facilitate movements of organisms in the case of climate-forced range shifting.
If not noted otherwise, identities are reported for the whole alignments i based on truncated alignments Thirty-six (53.7 %) of the reconstructed genes are homologous to previously functionally characterized genes of WSSV (and other organisms in the case of IAP.
One of the immediate applications of clusters of orthologous genes is phylogenomic reconstruction (i.e. identification of patterns of lineage-specific gain and loss of genes) for the respective group of organisms, in the case of arCOGs, the Archaea.
It is noteworthy that ants and bees also regularly forage food sources (pollen in the case of bees, larger dead organisms in the case of ants) that are too large and/or too transient for one or a few individuals to fully exploit; these are precisely the circumstances that require recruitment.
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The isolated organisms in the cases of deep and superficial infection are shown in Table 4.
A case reported by Chen et al. [18] in 2008 showed that Roseomonas was the causative organism in the case of chronic postoperative endophthalmitis in an 83-year-old patient.
The external agent may be itself a living organism capable of multiplying within the host and subsequently infecting other organisms; in this case the disease is said to be communicable.
In addition, linkage of this gene pair is conserved in several organisms and, in the case of Leptospira interrogans, the couple appear as a gene fusion (data not shown), suggesting that the association represents a functional coupling.
The acquisition of a novel gene from a distantly related taxon can be considered as a shared derived character that demarcates a group of organisms, as in the case of the spirochaete Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS).
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