H.H., O.K. and C.G. organised sample preparation and critically reviewed the manuscript.
RS conceived the study, organised the sampling of seed collection and reviewed the final manuscript; SE analysed the data and wrote both the earlier draft and the final version of the manuscript; CM contributed ideas and commented on the methodology in the final draft of the manuscript; and SD, KP and AC commented on an early draft of the manuscript.
FG organised the sample collection and patient data, participated in the collection of blood, performed case/control interviews and helped to design the study.
The authors thank the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the Centre for Society and Genetics, UCLA, Dr John Novembre, the DNA and History Faculty Seminar members, Emma Connell, who organised the sample collection, and Professor Mark Jobling for his invaluable comments on the manuscript.
MW, JA, and CS were involved in the study design, JA organised the sample collection, conducted the genetic analysis, and prepared the manuscript, MW organized funding and supervised the study.
Such initiatives in biobanking have been possible because of advances in computer technology which has increased the ability to categorise, organise and share samples and data.
A hierarchical clustering algorithm was used to organise the experimental samples only on the basis of overall similarity in their gene expression patterns.
SJ, JJ and AJ organised collection of samples at both time points, and provided logistical support in The Gambia.
Samples organised into TMAs including 203 non-neoplastic, 176 PIN and 480 neoplastic tissues were analysed for MCT1, MCT4, GLUT-1, GLUT-12, LDHV, PDK1, CAIX, AMACR, ACOX-3 and DBP expression.
