These approaches, however, relied on previous organ preparation by dissection of the specimens, and inference of phylogenetic relations was dependent on determination of accurate amino acid sequences by tandem mass spectrometry.
These are produced by experimenters after the harvest of plants or plant organs for destructive measurements, including scans of different plant parts (roots, leaves, etc), or obtained after organ preparation and microscopic observations.
These approaches, however, relied on organ preparation by dissection of the specimens and the establishing of amino acid sequence information by tandem mass spectrometry for construction of a cladogram.
Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used.
Investigation of the effects of ischemic preconditioning mostly employed models with reduced complexity, such as cell cultures, tissue slices or perfused organ preparations.
Their biological profile was assessed by receptor binding assays at human muscarinic M1 M5 receptors stably expressed in CHO cells and by functional studies performed on classical isolated organ preparations, namely, rabbit electrically stimulated vas deferens, and guinea pig electrically stimulated left atrium, ileum, and lung strips.
Currently, the organ preparations are used in situations when simpler models provide a very limited picture of the disposition events.
Classically, receptors have been studied using radioactive isotopes, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or functional responses in isolated tissue or organ preparations.
Perfused hemocytes were counted within three days of collection, as unlike carcass and internal organ preparations, these slides could be preserved for several days.
RT-PCR analysis of Vγ chain expression, and subsequent spectratyping of PCR products, was carried out on mRNA extracted from whole organ preparations, or from sorted cell populations derived from pooled organs of three to six individuals, as described [ 23].
We compared their findings with those of reviews of bench studies, defined as research in which human or animal tissues, cell systems or organ preparations were examined in laboratories to better understand disease mechanisms.
