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Hence, physiological and molecular imaging methods are being developed to detect organ dysfunctional and locate specific molecular markers in affected tissues in autoimmune diseases.
Recent epidemiological studies of short- and long-term heat stroke outcomes indicate that multiple organ dysfunctional syndrome continues to manifest in patients following clinical treatment and increases mortality during the ensuing months and years of recovery [3,4].
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In relation to mortality there was a significant difference (T-test) in the number of dysfunctional organs 3.8(1.3) vs 1.7(1.2) and in the Multiple Organ Dysfunction (MOD) score 8.8 (6) vs 3 (2.2).
Dysfunctional HDLs during sepsis may represent an explanation for the observed organ dysfunction during sepsis [23].
The term "organ crosstalk" is used to describe "the effects of one dysfunctional organ on the function of another" or "the reciprocal trigger of organ dysfunction of two different organs" [ 18, 19].
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome represents the ultimate multisystem illness, really representing a common end-stage pathway of inflammation, infection, dysfunctional host response and organ failure in critically ill patients, and frequently leading to death [ 2].
MDA levels were increased irrespective of site of infection, type of micro-organism, or dysfunctional organ system, suggesting that lipid peroxidation was attributable to the general host response rather than a pathogen- or organ-specific reaction.
MODS means two or more organs are dysfunctional; however, when three or more organs are involved, MODS cause 60% to 98% death of severe sepsis [2], [3].
Subsequently, entire vascular networks in target organs become dysfunctional and provide the foundation for the complications we see in the patients.
If the mitochondrial genome drift results in a significant amount of mutant mtDNA, cells exhibit reduced energy capacity and organs become dysfunctional [ 7].
Pertinent to this, it has been documented that sepsis is characterised by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), both in the circulation (by activated immune system cells and endothelial cells) and in the affected organs (by dysfunctional mitochondria and due to a modified anti-oxidative status) [ 16, 24].
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