Mr. Karzai also ordered the closing of opium shops.
Israeli officials also ordered the closing of three Palestinian universities.
This week the courts ordered the closing of 13 of the country's most liberal newspapers.
The situation first erupted in July, when magistrates ordered the closing of blast furnaces at the Taranto plant.
Obama ordered the closing of the CIA's secret prisons, but not those run by Joint Special Operations.
After the attacks Wednesday night, Mr. Arafat ordered the closing of all offices of Hamas and Islamic Jihad.
A week later, on March 28th, Bremer ordered the closing of Al Hawza; within days, American soldiers had arrested an aide to Moqtada.
One victory came in 1981, when, to promote racial integration, he ordered the closing of a middle-school annex in Rosedale, Queens.
In April, Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki ordered the closing of a secret prison that held hundreds of detainees from northern Iraq.
On Thursday, officials in the 16 German states affected by the contamination ordered the closing of 4,700 farms, most of them in Lower Saxony.
On his first full day in office in January 2009, Mr. Obama banned coercive interrogation methods and ordered the closing of the C.I.A.'s remaining prisons overseas.
