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In epidemiological studies at the estimation of risk factors in the origin of specified congenital abnormalities in general birth order (parity) is considered as confounder.
The mean gestational age and birthweight were analyzed according to gender, birth order, parity, and gender combination within the pair (Table 2).
For both CB-153 and CB-180, the multivariate models indicated that besides increasing maternal age, lower birth order (parity), being unmarried, and maternal smoking during pregnancy were independently associated with higher cord levels.
Briefly, a defined set of obstetric and perinatal data were recorded (including gestational age, mode of conception, maternal age, birth order, parity, sex and neonatal survival) and placentas were examined within 24 hours after delivery according to a standardized protocol.
Effects on growth velocity were tested by using repeated-measures ANOVA, or ANCOVA as appropriate, performed with the use of hierarchical linear models that included a participant identifier and sex (nested by group), time point, and birth order (parity of the mother; nulliparous compared with parous).
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Younger women, women who start their reproductive life later in life and those who achieve higher order parities are less likely to experience short birth intervals.
Younger women (AOR 1.11 95% CI 1.08-1.15 per year increase in age), women who started their reproductive life later (AOR 0.95, 0.92-0.98 per year) and those who achieve higher order parities were less likely to experience short birth intervals (AOR 0.28, 0.19-0.41 parity 4 compared to 1).
Based on the VB ordering, parity selection rules come into play.
We also omitted births to mothers with third- and higher-order parity to reduce heterogeneity in the multiparous strata.
The battle for equality for incarcerated women in that state has been raging for over two decades, since the first court order demanding parity for female prisoners was issued in 1992.
In addition to gender, other child-specific characteristics found to influence immunization status are birth order or parity [5, 19], age [38], and place of delivery [13, 36].
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