That the multiple-choice format demonstrates high validity is due in part to the observation that well-constructed, context-rich multiple-choice questions are fully capable of assessing higher orders of cognition, and that they call forth cognitive problem-solving processes which exactly mirror those required in practice.
Yet this increase in reliability appears to come at a significant cost to the presumed advantage of the open-ended format over the multiple-choice format in testing higher orders of cognition.
What is first in the order of conceptual cognition is most common and self-evident not by accident, for it indicates the formal aspect of intelligibility, which is included in all knowledge and about which the intellect cannot be uncertain.
The designation of a particular order of extended cognition is based on its theorist's inclusion of unique animate, extended phenotypic, and object communication capable of factoring in cognition, non-human sense-making, design/construction, and environment.
For example, the correlations between the three lower-order factors of cognition and the Cognition factor should be greater than the correlations between these three variables and the other higher-order factors, Beliefs and Dispositions.
Importantly, the behavioral advantages conferred by musical experience extend beyond simple enhancements to perceptual abilities and even impact non-auditory functions necessary for higher-order aspects of cognition (e.g., working memory, intelligence).
However, sensory networks could be regarded as the lower-order system of cognition.
And science, as a system of knowledge, is "a whole of cognition ordered according to principles", and the principles on which proper science is grounded are a priori (Preface to Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science).
Rather, one can ascribe a moral character to a person or action only after excluding all other possible motives as insufficient to explain the action — but, Maimon notes, such a strategy would require an 'infinite faculty of cognition' in order to accomplish this task.
Thus, in order to understand the role of cognition in speech understanding under adverse conditions, it is important to measure not only WM capacity but also CSC.
