The science scholar Vaclav Smil has pointed out that for all the sleek efficiency of Apple products, their technology has been derivative, making them at best "second-order innovations".
These were all "first-order" inventions of entirely new things, which stimulated waves of further second- and lower-order innovations, sufficient to spread higher incomes throughout the economy.Mr Gordon does not regard the Internet as a first-order invention, in this sense.
However, in order for innovation spaces to serve entrepreneurs, they too need support, and so attention is needed to determine how innovation spaces can be sustainable".
But he will, I suspect, mostly be remembered for his rompingly entertaining tales of weak and well-intentioned innocents caught between the established order, empty innovation, venal ambition and unselfconscious egotism, placed in their ideal setting: a college campus.
Both knowledge types are often located outside the firm and need to be absorbed in order for innovation to occur.
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On a number of measures — industrial orders, entrepreneurial innovation, high-school achievement and export growth — Portugal has matched or even outpaced its neighbors in Southern and even Western Europe.
We conclude that pollution ideas and partitioning processes are useful in understanding regulatory ordering and innovation in the emerging technological zone of human tissue engineering.
Communication and knowledge exchange between policy makers, firms (especially SMEs who are numerous) and academia needs to be improved in order to design sustainable innovation policy.
"All inventors 'ride' other people's innovations in order to create innovations of their own.
