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Businessmen complained bitterly about a Clinton executive order conditioning M.F.N. renewal on human rights progress.
But since that opinion did not accompany an order conditioning an approval of an electronic surveillance application it was not appealed.
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Further, stimuli paired with those antecedent stimuli in the higher-order conditioning test also exhibited a difference in rate.
The reinforcing effectiveness of the antecedent stimuli themselves was later tested in a higher-order conditioning design.
With Robert Hawkins (1984) he demonstrated how cognitivist aspects of associative learning (e.g., blocking, second-order conditioning, overshadowing) could be explained cell-biologically by sequences and combinations of these basic forms implemented in higher neural anatomies.
By monitoring firing rates of specific neurons and synaptic weights between neural connections as ARBIB learns from its environment, we confirm that both classical and higher-order conditioning occur, leading to the emergence of interesting and ecologically valid behaviors.
A primary goal was to test the notion that effective robot learning can be based on neural habituation and sensitization, so validating the suggestion of Hawkins and Kandel that (associative) classical and 'higher-order' conditioning might be based on an elaboration of these (non-associative) forms of learning.
Two groups were subjected to aversive second-order conditioning trials.
The aversive second-order conditioning, however, was less effective than the appetitive second-order conditioning (see Figure 5E).
Therefore, we first studied the capability of crickets to achieve second-order conditioning.
Epinastine also impaired the recall of memory formed by appetitive second-order conditioning.
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