Considering the findings that oral shedding occurred earlier, was more consistent, and lasted longer than cloacal shedding, these data confirm that surveillance systems for HPAIV (H5N1) in raptors should include oral sampling, as has been recommended for other species [12].
Table 1 illustrates the frequency of bacteria isolated from oral sampling.
As expected, oral sampling location does not significantly affect the quantity or quality of DNA recovered (per each device evaluated).
However, the most sensitive oral sampling site for gram-negative bacilli and S. aureus need to be verified before this research can be undertaken.
The oral sampling of oral fluid for this study was favourably accepted by the children, adolescents and adults, even in children as young as one year old.
The findings of collection device effectiveness at different selected oral sampling locales are consistent with the findings in Study 2 regarding collection devices.
In five studies we document the effects of sample volume, handling and storage conditions, type of collection device, and oral sampling location, on quantity, quality, and genetic assessment of DNA extracted from cells present in saliva.
Another swab was used for oral sampling; oral samples were obtained by vigorous scraping of the walls of the oropharyngeal cavity by rotating two times clockwise and two times anticlockwise.
