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This was treated as if it were an optimal solution that was to be found by the GroupFix algorithm, by using an objective function that compared the current mate selection set to this "optimum" mate selection set.
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Thus, the total genetic effects for the offspring of future matings can be predicted and maximized by using an optimum mating plan.
In most situations, the optimum mating ratio is one but the differences in genetic gain obtained with different mating ratios are small.
Here, field mating rates are close to the female fitness optimum, suggesting that mating activity remains unresponsive to variation in mate availability.
Bridle, Butlin, and Kawata (submitted) simulated a spatially heterogeneous habitat with a linearly varying optimum without assuming mate choice.
First, conflict over mating rate may be minute or even absent if both sexual functions share similar mating rate optima, i.e. when the here detected average mating rate is close to the female and male mating optimum.
Third, assuming that the male mating rate optimum exceeds that of the female function (see [ 27] for conforming data in freshwater planarians), then mating rate should be largely controlled by the female function as it is close to the female fitness optimum of C. sandrana [ 23].
The optimum window for them to mate – "the drop zone" in zoo parlance – is about 24 hours long.
Likewise, sexual conflict over trait values can lead to sexual selection if one mating partner has a 'tool' that increases its reproductive success while moving its trait value towards its optimum and causing costs in the mating partner (Kokko and Jennions 2014).
This would also be the optimum timing for placing CM mating disruption (MD) dispensers in orchard blocks of 5-acres or more.
This is because, in the absence of male harassment, females can maintain mating rates close to their reproductive optimum by modulating the number of matings with males accordingly.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com