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In order to reduce the chance of obtaining a poor local optimum compared to the global optimum, the model should be solved many times with the initial values varying randomly.
Simulations show that the ECMS is near optimum compared to the dynamic programming results, maintaining an approximately 3% fuel improvement compared to a thermostat controller, which determines power distribution based on the state of charge.
The fixed parameter values were the values of the optimized model (α = 0.424, ρ = 72.4, β = 0.207), as this model is much closer to the optimum compared to the monkeys.
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This gave a more precise indication of the exergoeconomic optimum compared to what is attained based only on the exergoeconomic indicators: exergoeconomic factor and relative cost difference.
Figure 13 Complexity of the centralized optimum approach compared to the CAF method.
The properties obtained after ion nitriding at 450 °C for 10 h are found to be optimum when compared to the other two ion nitriding temperatures.
The ARSM loop involves an inner loop to select the data set for training the response surface function, where the spherical data set can provide an accurate prediction of the optimum condition compared to the original RSM.
It is shown that the new curved pipe is advantageous because the pressure drop and entropy generation are considerably reduced when implementing the optimum layout, compared to the standard case of a fully curved section with 180° bend.
It was highlighted that the porous fin transfer always more heat at an optimum condition compared to the solid fin which is a profitable design aspect for selecting the porous condition.
Moreover, the better performance in energy-efficiency terms for the CAF and the centralized optimum when compared to the other distributed approaches can be easily understood as a direct consequence of the bigger number of antenna elements than can be involved in the coalition.
The productions rate of extracellular inulinase and invertase per gram dry mycelium was about 12 and 30 times higher in optimum medium compared to the basal medium, respectively (data not shown).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com