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These results provide important information for the vdW-related materials research, which is essential for designing and optimizing materials systems for desired physical and chemical properties.
Many methods for improving the hole injection have reported, such as surface engineering [13], adjusting the devices architectures [16] and optimizing materials of carrier transport layer (CTL) [17] and the injection ability improvement of the HIL.
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The fronts are generated numerically using topology optimization, which is a systematic, free-form design algorithm for optimizing material layouts.
Refinement of microstructural length scales and modification of interface character offer opportunities for optimizing material properties.
We believe that our findings can be applied to other materials than hematite and, thus, can lead to various nanostructured thin films of them, which will be the first step in optimizing material design for their specific applications.
Further improvement in the output performance can be achieved by optimizing material properties, applying metal-to-metal bonding and fabricating thermocouple microstructures on high topography.
To this end, Process Integration methods can be successfully applied to the integrated steelmaking route with the purpose of achieving a reduction in the CO2 emissions, while optimizing material and energy systems.
The optimized parameters were then used to describe the material behavior in a third sample-specific FE model and the model-predicted force deflection data were compared with experimental data at a third loading rate that were not used for optimizing material parameters.
Such understanding will allow bioengineers to fully exploit the potential of biomaterials engineered on the molecular scale, by optimizing material chemical and physical properties to a measurable set of interfacial parameters known to elicit a predictable response in a specific cell population.
Given the variety of properties necessary for optimizing material activity in the biological environment, multicomponent hybrid hydrogels have been of significant research interest.
Quantifying this trade-off for specific infrastructure systems and technologies where the recovery efficiencies are known could thus inform policies that foster industrial strategies toward optimizing material efficiency.
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