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Ever since the emergence of the UK's first public funds for biomedical research in the early 20th century, policy makers have sought ways of optimising returns on this investment in the near and long term.
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As Mr Bernstein concludes: "The purpose of investing is not to simply optimise returns and make yourself rich.
Even with increased investment, careful prioritization will continue to be necessary to inform decisions about which areas to protect and which actions to undertake for species, e.g., using approaches that optimise returns on investment given fixed budgets and defined objectives, for sites (21), species (7, 8), and management actions (22).
So why is anyone surprised when it optimises return on its capital?
To optimise return-rate patients were sent a pre-letter, pre-paid return addressed envelopes along with the questionnaire, and two reminders sent 1 week and 2 weeks following the questionnaire.
Many of these are focused on optimising investment returns rather than championing every governance issue.
Optimising the returns from a share portfolio, or a suite of ecosystems in a landscape, is dependent on the relationship between the units in terms of risk and return.
What began as investments in digging wells have evolved into far more dynamic, market-oriented approaches like targeted grants intended to optimise social returns per philanthropic dollar.The PepsiCo Foundation has pledged $35m to water programmes in developing countries (including $12.1m to Water.org).
My thinking is that, if we could get dozens and dozens of colleges and foundations to sign up to getting rid of coal and tarsands, we're attacking something that is doable at the portfolio level – the college is not going to feel that is a tremendous encumbrance for them to optimise their return – but it represents 60-70% of the whole climate problem.
Three idealised test scenarios are used to demonstrate the effects of a financial-return optimising design approach as contrasted with a power maximisation approach.
One of the most prominent contributions which the EISCAT community has made over the whole 30-year operation of the facilities has been the development of new methods of coding and data analysis to optimise the scientific return from the radars.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com