A control strategy was developed to predict optimal ground source heat pump water flow rates under part load operation.
The front wheel has a spring suspension to guarantee optimal ground contact of all wheels at any time.
This prediction is still used for estimating optimal ground speed in currents (e.g. [20]).
This contradicts previous predictions that fish should have similar optimal ground speed at any current velocity [19].
In this paper we apply the power function to theoretical predictions, both analytical and numerical, of optimal ground speeds in head currents.
As shown, optimal ground speed is, after a slight initial decrease at very low current velocities, predicted to increase with increasing current velocity.
In our theoretical analysis, a general conclusion is that optimal ground speeds for fish swimming against currents would increase with increasing current velocity.
Furthermore, energy use for keeping a certain ground speed increases with current velocity and optimal ground speed changes with increasing current velocity (Fig. 2).
This analysis shows that at any given head current velocity, a minimum energy expenditure per ground distance can be found, which indicates the optimal ground speed for that particular current velocity (Fig. 2).
Hinch and Rand [22] predicted, from a power function, that optimal ground speed of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during spawning migration, would decrease with increasing current velocities, which may seem to contradict our general prediction.
From these theoretical illustrations, we predict that optimal ground speed is not constant for varying head current velocities, but rather increases at a rate depending on the value of x.
