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The elution occurred in a gradient of binary solvents (solvent A, optima grade water with 0.2% formic acid; solvent B, Optima grade acetonitrile with 0.2% formic acid), where solvent B increased from 1% to 40% over 20 min. Activation: the hydroquinone (HQ) can be oxidized to the benzoquinone (BQ) via chemical or electrochemical methods.
Optima grade solvents were used in all LC-MS experiments.
For intracellular metal analysis, cell pellets were digested at room temperature in 0.1 mL ACS grade concentrated H2O2 and 0.2 mL concentrated optima grade HNO3.
Weighed tissue samples (approximately 50 200 mg) were acid digested to completion in 0.5 mL 67 70% optima grade HNO3 at 140° C for 2 hours.
All other chemicals were Optima grade from Fisher Scientific.
All solvents used were Optima grade (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA).
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The solvent used for the extraction was Optima-grade methanol.
Optima-grade ammonium acetate, ammonium hydroxide, acetonitrile, methanol, and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific.
Calibration of the ICP emission spectrometer was done with NIST-traceable stock standards in a background matrix of 1.0 M HCl Optima-grade acid [ 51].
Before FT-IR spectral analysis, the DNA was dissolved in 10 40 μL Optima-grade distilled water (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH).
All solvents were Optima-grade (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) or equivalent, and all laboratory glassware or other tools were solvent-rinsed before use.
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