Time-lapse image series were captured and stored on a computer hard drive at 30 seconds intervals with a JAI CV-M10 CCD camera and an Imagenation PX610 frame grabber (Imagenation Corp., Beaverton, OR) controlled through Optimas software (Optimas Corp., Bothell, Washington).
However, under pure haploid control (i.e. individual sperm genotype) these optima break down, probably due to intra-ejaculate conflict [28].
Theoretical models of sperm size evolution [26] [28] predict that under diploid control (i.e. male genotype), certain sperm trait optima might exist at given levels of sperm competition.
The present post hoc analysis of data from OPTIMA [ 26] showed that serum phosphorus was better controlled when PTH was lowered effectively, whether patients received cinacalcet or standard treatment.
Second, if sperm phenotype is under diploid control (i.e. by the male genotype), certain sperm trait optima can be predicted at different levels of sperm competition [27].
In addition, several alternative stagnation-control strategies are integrated with the algorithm to escape from local optima, in which a limited uphill (non-improving) move is permitted when a stagnation state is detected in the course of optimization.
However the NLP arising from the application of the control vector parameterization method are frequently multimodal (i.e. presenting multiple local optima), due to the highly nonlinear nature of the dynamics [ 41].
The crossover constant (C R ), in the range 0 ≤ C R ≤ 1, controls the diversity of the population and aids the algorithm to escape from local optima.
The acceptance of a new order is controlled by a Simulated Annealing method in order to avoid getting trapped in local optima in terms of increasing numbers of intersections.
Compared with historical controls, significantly more patients (20.1% versus 8.7%; p<0.001) were treated as outpatients during OPTIMA II.
