Lenses of different species may have elements of homology as judged by using similar inherited genetic networks to direct their development; yet, they acquired independently a variety of different crystallins for their optical roles.
Even the crystallins that are present in all vertebrate eyes (i.e., the α-crystallins and the β/γ-crystallins) and would seem to be highly specialized for their structural lens role in vision are also expressed in other tissues where they have non-optical roles.
For the two cavities on the optical bench, the role of input and output can be exchanged as a form of cold redundancy.
Since unsteady, complex flow phenomena play an important role, optical measurements techniques are required for flow investigations, which provide simultaneous measurements of multiple velocity components.
Combining silencing RNA, atomic force microscopy, and laser optical tweezers, the role of the ERM proteins involved in the regulation of stem cell biomechanics and osteogenic differentiation was quantitatively determined.
Two-dimensional (2D) perfect shuffle transform (PST) plays an important role in optical communication and optical information processing due to very high space-bandwidth product (SBWP) and spatial degrees of freedom.
Diffractive optics now plays a major role in optical systems for the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray region.
Due to the unique microstructure and optical properties, the roles of CQDs played in the CQDs-based photocatalytic systems have been found to be diverse with the continuous researches in this regard.
However, in order for the mesoporous Sb2S3 structures to assume both the optical and electrical roles of a sensitized wide-band-gap metal oxide film, it is also necessary that they conduct electrons.
In both cases, aberrations start to play a role in optical performance, so paraxial optics should not be used.
