Th17 cells and Treg cells not only share reciprocal development pathways but also are mutually opposite in function.
In A. nidulans PkaBC, has a congruent as well as opposite function to PKAC in growth, conidiation and germination depending on the nutrient availability [27].
Phenotypical analysis has revealed quite opposite in vivo functions even in cells where both isoforms coexist, for example in the intestinal epithelial cell, (Oster and Leitges, 2006; Murray et al., 2009).
The application of an electric field will push the electron and hole wave functions to opposite directions in the case of both uncorrelated ground states with the consequent increment of the electron-hole distance and reduction of the binding energy.
STAT5 and STAT3 are known to compete for promoter binding sites in CD4 T cells and the two transcription factors are believed to have opposite functions in the control of CD4 T cell differentiation.
There is a report showing that p38 α and p38 γ appear to have opposite functions in skeletal muscle differentiation.
Interestingly, Bα (PPP2R2A) and Bδ (PPP2R2D), two regulatory subunits of PP2A have been shown to have opposite functions in regulation of signaling mediated by TGF-β as well as other TGF-β family members, activin and Nodal.
Our previous results (Malmanche et al. 2007) illustrate an essential requirement for BubR1 kinase activity in the timing of the early stages of meiotic prophase I, suggesting that BubR1 and Polo have opposite functions in early prophase I. BubR1 appears to slow down progression by maintaining the SC in place, whereas Polo accelerates the process by driving prophase I forward.
Moreover, Sap155 and Sap185 perform distinct, albeit in this case opposite, functions in K+ efflux regulation [16].
In 2007 the group of Michal Schwartz demonstrated that Toll-like receptors (TLR) are expressed by adult neural stem/progenitor cells where they play distinct and opposite functions in NSC proliferation and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo [ 79].
