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"We were definitely working from the opposite hypothesis," said Dr. Harvey J. Kliman of Yale, the senior author.
The opposite hypothesis — that the state polls are overestimating Mr. Obama's standing — is also a valid one to consider.
The opposite hypothesis, the "common disease, rare variant" idea, "has become increasingly credible," the GlaxoSmithKline team writes.
The scientific method requires rigorous testing of a hypothesis (Iraq has weapons of mass destruction) and its opposite hypothesis by systematically weighing all the evidence for and against each hypothesis.
Fisman and Miguel sought to test the opposite hypothesis: who, in the absence of any legal penalty — the diplomats enjoyed immunity and would never be punished for failure to pay parking tickets — would pay, rather than abuse this prerogative?
In more recent years (late 1980s), actually, the opposite hypothesis has been formulated.
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In his disputation, Schlegel was taking part in an old philosophical debate which had formed two opposite hypotheses (Behler, 2002, 124 128).
A recent theory proposed a semantic modification that was able to unify these opposite hypotheses, i.e. that the brain cortex was not hyperexcitable per se but hyperresponsive to sensory stimuli in migraine between attacks [13].
Here, H 0 and H 1 represent two opposite hypotheses, respectively, i.e., idle work state and active work state; M is the length of pilot signal; y u,n ∊y n is the measurement in the uth SU_R; d n,m ∊d n,m is the amplitude of pilot signal in nth sensing slot; and the AWGN is z u,n,m ∊z n,m with zero mean and a variance of σ n 2, i.e., z u,n,m ~ N 0, σ n 2).
To date, the evolutionary origin of hibernation is unknown; many species of hibernators are interspersed across the whole phylogeny and often closely related to nonhibernators, opening up two opposite hypotheses that consider the common ancestor as a hibernator and as a nonhibernator.
This pattern offers some support to the opposite causal hypothesis; that earlier language skills are causally related to later improvements in sentence repetition ability.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com