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Hansma et al. invented scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) [12], in which ionic current between an electrode placed in a nanopipette and a sample is probed but the opposite feedback is applied since the ionic current decreases with a decrease in the distance between the nanopipette top and sample.
Besides ecological constraints on evolution, we also expect the opposite feedback of evolutionary constraints on ecology through the so-called community monopolization effect (Roughgarden 1972; De Meester et al. 2002; Gillespie 2004; Emerson and Gillespie 2008; Urban et al. 2008; Urban and De Meester 2009).
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A glass nanopipette is used to scan the sample surface and the nanopipette sample distance is opposite-feedback controlled by the ion current flowing through the nanopipette without any physical contact.
On the opposite, the feedback training did not influence neither the perceptual sensitivity nor the decisional criteria of the subjects.
Finally, the "opposite" haptic feedback did not change the percepts of the images with plaid textures that contain orientation cues to the veridical shapes (Fig. 3g).
The opposite contrast (negative feedback > neutral feedback) yielded no suprathreshold activation.
No suprathreshold activation clusters remained for the opposite contrast (negative feedback > positive feedback).> Furthermore, ROI analyses were performed on the amygdala, the caudate and the nucleus accumbens.
In the trials that provided haptic feedback opposite to the simulated surface (Fig. 3d), the observers' percepts changed to the shape indicated by the haptic feedback, i.e. opposite to the previous condition.
Observers adapted to a fixed delay (either 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 ms) between the completion of their motor action (a mousepress) and either visual (an LED 'flash'), auditory (a white noise 'click') or tactile (a 'tap' delivered to the opposite index finger) feedback.
Scientists subsequently used LORETA neurofeedback to train eight healthy individuals to increase their low-beta power activity (moving the EEG frequencies in a direction opposite to alpha/theta feedback) for an anterior cingulate ROI in an effort to improve alertness and attention (Cannon et al. 2007).
Under high level of radiation, the opposite was true: positive feedback had no stabilizing gain whereas negative feedback had a large margin.
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