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It is conceivable that the cytoplasmic accumulation of efflux pump-specific metabolites (different for each mutant) could act as signals triggering opposite behavioural response in the two mutants.
Mouse studies of RAI1 have also identified opposite behavioural phenotypes with respect to either deletion or duplication (Carmona-Mora and Waltz 2010).
However, on balance, the evidence suggests that women delay help-seeking longer than men the opposite behavioural pattern assumed of general help-seeking for most other conditions.
Removal of testicular hormones during the first few days of life in rats has also been reported to increase time spent in the exposed areas of novel environments when tested in adulthood (e.g., Lucion et al., 1996; Zuloaga et al., 2011), while treatment of females with testosterone during this period has the opposite behavioural effects (Swanson, 1966).
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This opposite pattern of behavioural performance (i.e., slower reaction times for decoding repeated intentions) is in line with previous work demonstrating that behavioural attenuation effects (rather than priming effects) may occur as a function of the task instruction [34].
Similarly, anxiety symptoms attributed to a stressful stimulus often lead to avoidance, the exact opposite of what behavioural therapy has demonstrated to be helpful.
Even within a single species, AVT can have opposite effects between behavioural phenotypes; AVT increases aggression in non-territorial males but decreases aggression in territorial males [ 38].
Thus young and old larvae play opposite roles in the behavioural maturation of worker bees according to their specific needs.
When monkeys generate a sequence of three saccades, with the third saccade directed to either the first target location or to the opposite, new, target location, a behavioural advantage for the return location emerges (Dorris, Taylor, Klein, & Munoz, 1999), unlike in humans (Anderson et al., 2008; Carpenter, 2001; Rafal et al., 1994; Taylor & Klein, 2000).
Children demonstrated an opposite pattern relative to adults: the behavioural response was accompanied by a positive-going LRP (dotted arrows in Fig. 8.
Behavioural phenotyping of the new TH-Cre-mediated Vglut2 cKO mice showed the same absence of anxiety- and depression-related phenotypes as the mice carrying a DAT-Cre-mediated gene targeting of Vglut2, but the behavioural profile was the "opposite" when it came to amphetamine-induced psychomotor response versus hippocampus-dependent spatial memory.
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