One alternative, reproductive character displacement, that is, the increase of isolation between taxa that are already good species (as opposed to reinforcement), seems less likely, given that all distinctive traits have a plausible ecological background.
In addition, by using fully deterministic outcomes and an appropriate time for response execution, we ensured minimal learning was required, thereby allowing us to focus on reversal shifts as opposed to reinforcement learning about action contingencies which come into play within standard reversal tasks with probabilistic outcomes.
Mr Eikenberry, they say, does not have the excuse of being merely an "armchair-general" such as Vice-President Joe Biden, who also opposes sending reinforcements.
Gangs win by killing all the opposing team's reinforcements, while Batman and Robin win by acquiring intimidation points (from eliminating gang members).
In order to provide higher mechanical effectiveness of confined concrete beam, the new technique proposed in this work consists to design at the ends of the steel reinforcements two opposing half cylindrical plates, creating an induced compression applied in the tended zone of the concrete beam element, when the steel reinforcement is subjected to tensile forces developed by the bending load.
According to this theory, serotonin opposes the positive reinforcement and behavioral activation regulated by dopamine.
The opposing sides began bringing in reinforcements to the Kupres Plateau on 5 March to strengthen positions held around individual settlements populated by different ethnic groups, communications between those positions, and roads leading away from the plateau to the north and south.
A group of Urgals join the Varden, and Eragon is able to repel the opposing army with help from the dwarves' reinforcements.
In the very early stages of speciation, therefore, the re-uniting of mildly diverged populations may lead to evolution in two directions, one toward reinforcement of the differences but an opposing one of overcoming the incompatibilities.
The player can also secure alliances with other forces; these alliances can change how the game progresses, such as requesting reinforcements from the allied forces against opposing forces.
Belief learning differs from reinforcement learning in that players learn by observing what alternatives opposing players select without regard for the utilities that drove the opposing players' choices.
