Exact(5)
At the level of tissue-specific Smad-induced transcription factors, this antagonism is illustrated by the opposing functions of the homeobox genes Vent1/2, induced by Smad1 on the ventral side, and Goosecoid, a target gene of Smad2 on the dorsal side, during mesoderm patterning and self-regulation of the early frog embryo [26].
Collectively, our results illustrate opposing functions of the p85α monomer and homodimer.
But we can simply explain the dual, even opposing, functions of the proteins by the notion that: ultimate growth or death is based on signal intensity and duration.
The opening keynote lecture by Douglas R Green Memphiss, USA) was focused on elucidating complex mechanisms of cell death in embryonic development via the opposing functions of the pro-apoptotic protease, caspase-8.
Although not a prerequisite of the hypothesis, the fact that the opposing functions of the two genes were enacted through direct interaction of their gene products made the case for a parental 'tug-of-war' even more compelling [ 63, 64].
Similar(55)
This phenotypic heterogeneity in macrophage responses to this compound is fully compatible with the opposing functions of this cell in repair processes (proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory, tissue-repair versus tissue-destruction) [ 14, 27].
Thus, the study demonstrating the opposing function of these polarity proteins may shed a light on their critical roles in regulating the promotion of EMT.
Previous mouse gene targeting studies have also shown the opposing functions of Bach1 and Nrf2 on the expression of mouse heme oxygenase 1 (Ho-1) – i.e. Ho-1 is upregulated in Bach1 knockout mice and downregulated in Nrf2-deficient cells (Sun et al., 2002).
In contrast, homozygous deletion of Dnajc3 partially rescues the Sil1 null phenotype, consistent with the opposing functions of SIL1 and DNAJC3 in regulating the BiP ATP/ADP cycle.
These diverse findings may stem from differences between clusterin protein subtypes that were not differentiated as a result of the opposing functions of sCLU and nCLU [ 9, 10, 25].
Based on emerging data, the delicate balance between the opposing functions of p53 and ERα appears to be disrupted in breast cancer cells that over-express the Mdm2 oncogene.
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