This type of behaviour has been called "competitive cooperation", as opposed to "collaborative cooperation" where "the resource is not manifest, but mainly imagined" [ 42] (the latter being typical of human cooperation).
If the number of members becomes excessive, team meetings often become report-outs, updates and presentations from members as opposed to collaborative working sessions addressing critical issues.
At each deadline we receive proposals for a number of different categories of funding, including institutes which have often a national focus as opposed to a collaborative focus, which is what the Yale-New Haven Teachers isstisute is.
The soccer star - who is married to singer-turned-fashion designer Victoria Beckham - has signed a long-term distribution deal with the Swedish high street chain, as opposed to a collaborative relationship which they are best known for, and he admits they are the "perfect partner".
But collaborative discussion may actually work.
But collaborative filtering has plenty of blind spots and glitches.
What struck me was how much convergence I saw around a vision RingCentral calls "collaborative communications". I didn't come up with that phrase, but I like it because it helps explain the emphasis on communications that leads to collaboration, as opposed to collaboration or social networking as the central experience.
But opposing forces quickly mobilised.
Research in socio-cultural linguistics has shown that speakers can choose from a variety of conversational styles: for example, a one-at-a-time way of talking as opposed to a more collaborative, all-in-it-together way; they can choose to jump from topic to topic as opposed to moving gradually from one topic to the next; they can self-disclose or they can opt for less personal subjects.
As documented in the research literature, the practice of grade curving has had unfortunate and often unintended consequences for the culture of undergraduate science classrooms, pitting students against one another as opposed to creating a collaborative learning community (Tobias, 1990; Seymour and Hewitt, 1997).
They are opposed violently, but they prevail.
