These findings suggest it may be possible to use existing administrative data to identify assessment items that provide suitable opportunities for contract cheating.
The investment from JICA was instrumental in developing the original manufacturing facility for diagnostic kits, and opportunities for contract manufacturing may bring in new investors in the future.
A district like Satara with relatively higher concentration and density of private specialists offers more opportunities for contracting in and broad bargaining zone that could be explored by engaging in dialogue with the private sector while another district like Nandurbar in the state has a dearth of specialists even in private sector rendering contracting in unfeasible.
This approach has been used very successfully to reduce the opportunity for contract cheating in a business capstone unit in Australia (Baird & Clare, Removing the opportunity for contract cheating in business capstones: a crime prevention case study, submitted for review).
This diagram helps demonstrate the potential 'directions' for new pressures that could be applied to reduce the suitability of a specific opportunity for contract cheating.
Given the consistency of contract cheating patterns with those observed for crime problems, it is worth considering the role that effective crime/problem1 prevention strategies could play in reducing the opportunity for contract cheating.
Overall, this paper connects criminological theory and crime/problem prevention practice with academic misconduct issues with the intent of demonstrating there is potential to minimise the opportunity for contract cheating by altering the opportunity structures for assessment items.
With respect to reducing the opportunity for contract cheating, this restricted, scheduled use of videos increases the effort involved (by target hardening) and reduces the rewards for cheating (by concealing and removing suitable targets).
These include aspects of the Special Renewable Contracts program, which seeks to eliminate the need for yearly reapplication for a group of about 40 contract faculty members with 15 or more years seniority, and the York Conversion program, which offers the opportunity for contract faculty members with 5 or more years of seniority to compete for tenure-stream positions.
The combination of factors that had been manipulated for the 2016 iteration of the Unit meant that the suitability of this opportunity for contract cheating had been altered such that the perceived risks and effort involved with this misconduct were now outweighing the potential rewards of this choice.
