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Operative temperature (Te) and standard operative temperature (Tes) models have been used to address ecological questions about the thermal biology of ectotherms and endotherms for over 25 years.
The operative temperature denoting the thermal environment accepted by 90% of occupants is 22.0 25.9°.
However, the thermal conductivity of insulating materials depends on several factors, including the operative temperature.
The comfort temperature in hybrid buildings was observed at an average operative temperature of 23.6 °C.
In addition, the occupants were more affected by the operative temperature than the CO2 concentration.
We describe a general design for a rugged, easily constructed sensor to measure standard operative temperature, Tes.
Experiments were carried out in a climate chamber under different combinations of supply water temperature and operative temperature.
The findings highlighted that opening windows for longer time would reduce uncomfortable hours above the threshold operative temperature.
A higher temporal offset between ceiling and operative temperature was also observed in rooms equipped with absorbers.
The indoor thermal comfort operative temperature in winters is found to range between 15.0 °C and 17.7 °C.
Numerical results show that the system without thermal storage allows the Hammam's operative temperature to reach the desired one.
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