With preoperative planning and intra-operative navigation, these techniques can help plastic surgeons to manage mandibular reconstructive surgery.
Intra-operative navigation systems, initially developed for neurosurgical applications, allow the surgeons to determine the precise location of any instrument or bony anatomic landmark to within approximately 1 – 2 mm.
One key feature of CAOS is the introduction of the computer-based technical systems to perform the surgical missions including advanced medical imaging modalities like CT, MRI for data acquisition, preoperative planning and surgical simulation and optimisation, intra-operative navigation and robotic systems.
Intra-operative navigation systems can only measure passive kinematics, and MRI is not only affected by metal artifact distortions, but is typically non-weightbearing with limited range of movement.
For brain tumor surgery, dMRI is usually combined with sMRI and PET for pre-operative surgical planning and intra-operative surgical navigation.
Many multimodal neuroimaging computing methods have been proposed and applied to a wide range of clinical and non-clinical applications, e.g., brain computer communication [19], information pathways tracing [20], brain mapping [21, 22, 23], drug development and discovery [24, 25], pre-operative surgical planning, and intra-operative surgical navigation [28, 57].
The primary aim of this study was to compare a non-invasive system with a validated and commonly used intra-operative computer navigation system in terms of reliability and repeatability of AP translation measurement and agreement with the invasive system.
Gait analysis, video-fluoroscopy of joint replacement, pre-operative planning, surgical navigation, and standard radiostereometry would require tools for easy access to three-dimensional graphical representations of rigid segment motion.
High percentage of pedicle wall violations has been observed in experimental model [ 16, 17] and even in clinical studies despite the use of intra-operative image guide navigation [ 9, 10].
Rapid development in nanomedicine will expand the limits of operative performance through improved navigation and surgical precision.
