An MRI-compatible microscope with a video camera was used, and the operative images were transferred to monitors located in the operating theatre and in the MRI control room (Møller-Wedel, Hamburg, Germany).
The method of drawing from memory was used to obtain traces of the operative images of both experienced and less experienced non-professional drivers.
Patient consent is on file for use of operative images for publication and presentation.
Fig. 1 Photograph showing the swelling of his neck 7 h after the operation Fig. 2 Post-operative image of computed tomography scans at the parotid glands level shows the bilateral parotid glands were swollen compared to the pre-operative state Fig. 3 Post-operative image of computed tomography scans shows the edema of the posterior pharyngeal wall was developed compared to the pre-operative state.
Fig. 2 Per-operative image showing necrosis of muscle and soft tissue Fig. 3 Extent of necrotic tissue up to the pelvis on the second surgery.
After performing virtual surgery, including resection and reconstruction in the pre-operative image, printing of a resection guide or fabrication of the template by printing the skull model with virtual surgery [49, 50].
Open image in new window Fig. 1 Radiograph showing simple transverse olecranon fracture (left), intra-operative image intensifier view showing good fracture reduction Open image in new window Fig. 2 Radiographs at 2-month follow-up showed heterotopic ossification around the tips of the wires.
Fig. 1 An intra-operative image showing the ciliated foregut cyst (CFC) within the triangle of Calot attached to the distal part of the common hepatic duct (CHD) Fig. 2 An intra-operative view of the on-table cholangiogram Fig. 3 A fluoroscopic view of the on-table cholangiogram.
Three dimensional quantification of organ shape and structure during minimally invasive surgery (MIS) could enhance precision by allowing the registration of multi-modal or pre-operative image data (US/MRI/CT) with the live optical image.
High percentage of pedicle wall violations has been observed in experimental model [ 16, 17] and even in clinical studies despite the use of intra-operative image guide navigation [ 9, 10].
The detection of tissue surface information in three dimensions has many possible applications in MIS including the registration of multimodal images or pre-operative image data, the improved navigation of robotic instruments and the measurement or characterization of tissue morphology for diagnostic purposes [ 3, 4].
