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Since our operationalized test definition of PCK of business and economics focused on case-related PCK only and because research on the dimensionality of PCK in other domains is inconclusive (e.g., Hill et al. 2004; Kleickmann et al. 2012), we assumed a 1D latent construct.
We operationalized test difficulty as the average facility index of the items of the test – the proportion of students that sat the test that answered the question correctly.
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Comprehension accuracy was operationalized as test scores based on correct answers.
The behavioral sciences provide a number of well-developed, operationalized, and tested models of human behavior.
Annual monitoring was operationalized as testing occurring 31 365 days after the index date.
Baseline was operationalized as testing occurring 30 days before through 30 days after the index date.
Rather than querying how well each scale (or construct) is operationalized, it tests the proposition that "given the operational evidence, how much credibility can be (backwards) ascribed to the construct (or scale).
The resulting JD-R health model was operationalized and tested with a generalizable set of job characteristics and positive and negative health outcomes among a heterogeneous sample of 2,159 employees.
Hence, this paper reflects an attempt to operationalize and test a model of the process of external knowledge integration (EKI), consisting of an identification, acquisition, and utilization stage.
Because the estimates are so difficult to develop and the confidence levels in the information needed tend to be low, very few empirical research papers have attempted to operationalize and test real options models, although quite a few papers have developed theoretical models.
In order to validate the programme assumptions related to the benefits of cross-community and crossborder dynamics for change, UNFPA and UNICEF should operationalize and test those assumptions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com