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Finally, τ t captures time fixed effects that are common to all establishments, which we operationalize by dummy variables for each year in the panel data, and ε it is an idiosyncratic error term.6.
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The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues has called for a "human rights-based approach to development to be operationalized by states, the UN and intergovernmental organizations".
AL is operationalized by a composite index of multiple biomarkers.
Fig. 1 Social and educational context operationalized by the test.
We also attempted to study the relation of "understanding of programming" (operationalized by the quiz scores) with question quality (operationalized by the "difficulty level" of the questions).
It focuses on labor costs and is operationalized by the time needed to execute care activities.
Illusions of control, as operationalized by optimism in affective forecasting, were also assessed.
In this organizational perspective, work engagement is operationalized by three correlated constructs: vigour, dedication and absorption.
Declarative knowledge was operationalized by items stimulating cognitive processes such as 'remember and retrieve'.
It is operationalized by inventory speculation, a measure of the percentage of units manufactured as inventory.
This is operationalized by considering the percentage export and import of computer, communications, and other services.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com