We largely followed an operationalization used by Peter and Valkenburg (2006).
In interpreting the evidence for an undermining effect of rewards on health-related behaviors, we will rely both on the definition and operationalization used in the psychological cognitive evaluation theory and in the economic motivation crowding out literature.
Following the operationalization used in several reviews and studies, we separated social capital into a cognitive and a structural component [ 4, 9, 16, 26, 27], which were subsequently divided into specific aspects in line with widely used definitions of individual social capital [ 11, 27] (see Figure 1).
To detect the rate of unionization, we collected data on the percentage of employees organized in unions from the 10-K filings (the same operationalization is used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics; Blanchflower 2007; Faber 2005).
For quantitative operationalization, we used empirical indicators chosen to represent the identified qualitative codes [ 82].
Therefore, in the following section, a schematic of different stages of indicator operationalization is proposed using an example of drought resilience in the state of Odisha (formerly Orissa) in eastern India.
The detection of variant-specific effects will suffer greatly when suboptimal operationalizations are used as the expected weak statistical association will be even weaker in the context of a poor and noisy operationalization.
However, in cognitive evaluation theory itself, operationalization of crowding out using behavioral measures takes precedence over measures of task enjoyment.
While both being community based studies, using similar operationalization, the adolescents in the present study were somewhat older, with an age spanning from 16 to 19 years compared to 13 to 16 years in the Johnson et al.'s study, which may contribute to explain the slightly higher prevalence rates in the current study.
Across empirical studies using different operationalizations of regulatory focus, we show that increased promotion focus, but not prevention focus, exacerbates escalation behaviour as a project nears completion.
