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Theoretically derived measures follow the operationalisation protocols of Ajzen [ 14], Bandura [ 15] and Francis et al.[ 22].
How MCI was diagnosed was not always reported or clear, and varying operationalisation protocols make it impossible to determine similarity across the samples recruited in the different trials.
Indeed, within the field of dementia, there is a lack of consistency in operationalisation protocols not only for aMCI, but its associated disorders (eg, Cognitive Impairment no Dementia 53), dementia and its subtypes (such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body dementia, frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia), pre-MCI 54 and other predementia states such as VCIND.
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While specific criteria for implementation exist, there is no operationalisation protocol.
Online supplementary table S1B summarises the operationalisation protocol used for identifying aMCI cases in each trial.
Two studies 16 19 did not report details of the operationalisation protocol for defining MCI.
Without a standard operationalisation protocol for defining aMCI cases clinical trial recruitment will continue to be variable.
The complexity of the domain – with multiple disease or surgery specific-protocols on the one hand and the lack of guidance for the management of complex multi-morbid patients of the other – has led to the operationalisation of data collection instruments and assessment protocols which often depend on local clinical policies and priorities, rather than robust evidence of effectiveness [ 35, 50].
Operationalisation of these outcomes is outlined in the study protocol.
Based on these operationalisations, a semi-structured interview protocol was developed: the active participation, enjoyment, and fostering group processes (APEF) tool, to assess participant appreciation for each of the group-based principles for action (Table 1).
We argue that these are key aspects for the operationalisation of a tactical urban planning approach.
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