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Donor T cell transfusion, which is a long-standing approach to prevent allograft rejection, operates indirectly by alteration of host T cell immunity.
Abiotic resistance plays a direct role in reducing the invasibility of a harsh ecosystem, while biotic resistance operates indirectly, as mediated by resident species.
First, whereas discrimination operates through directly (if subtly) denying opportunities by virtue of social identity, asymmetric intergroup bullying operates indirectly, through causing psychological harm, which in turn elicits specific behaviours that are desirable to the perpetrators (Salin, 2003a).
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"He seemed to have no conception of the effects of his sometimes appalling behaviour on those close to him, or of the political damage his way of operating — indirectly, through a cabal — could cause".
If one spouse is benefiting from the knowledge of the other, the effect on marital stability must be operating indirectly through earnings—since similar knowledge means less stability in our model.
In fact, much of the effect of locus of control on labor market outcomes, in particular wages, may operate indirectly through the decisions individuals make to acquire productive skills (Heckman et al. 2006; Piatek and Pinger, 2010).
Any effect of cultural diversity on societal instability could operate indirectly via its previously-documented effects on economic performance.
When inter-individual interactions operate indirectly through the medium of the shared environment, the process is a stigmergic one [53], [54], [55].
We have previously amply demonstrated that in our superfusion system the possible effects of drugs operated indirectly by other mediators in the monolayer of synaptosomes in superfusion are absolutely minimised [46].
Ultimate processes are the main causes of biodiversity loss that operate indirectly at global, national, or other broad scales.
This approach is based on the hypothesis that genes underlying QTL effects operate indirectly through physical interactions with key cell cycle regulators, specifically cyclins.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com